The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz :: The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz

The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz Duddy's obsession with land lies within his grandfather, Simcha. When Duddy was small, he spoke those unforgettable words to him, "A man without land is nobody." When it seemed as if nobody cared or respected him, Simcha did. Duddy did not receive the same kind of love from his father or uncle as Lennie did.   When Duddy comes back from work at, he asks, "Why [Max] didn't answer any of [his] letters?"   He replies he wasn't "one for letters." "But Duddy remembered that when Lennie had worked as a camp counsellor one summer his father had written every week.   He had driven out to visit him twice."(pp. 104 & 105) Duddy did not have the same kind of affection and devotion Lennie and Max shared.   The same situation came from his uncle, Benjy. At first sight, Benjy described him as having a "thin crafty face, the quick black eyes and the restlessness_the grain so shrewd and knowing, all made a bad impression on Uncle Benjy." (p. 61)   Benjy supported Lennie, giving him money for his education.   With the exception of Simcha, he had no other parental support which is the reason why Simcha words had such a great effect on him. Duddy gains what he had wanted in its acquisition, respect. Everyone except Simcha, Mr. MacPherson, and Uncle Benjy thought he was going to be a nobody.   He wanted so much to prove them wrong and he has.   We may say he has gained self assurance, restating the fact he was a somebody important.   Since his days at Fletcher's Field High School, he ran a gang based on respect, not friendship.   Things do not change when he becomes an adult. Virgil is just one of the people Duddy uses to get money for his land.   He feels no grief for hurting his so called friends because he has never experienced true friendship.   His purchasing of land would push him into higher step in society.   What he gains is nothing compared to what he loses. Duddy has lost his innocence.   No longer is he the pure and na†¹ve

Funny Persuasive Speech

Evaluate whether it's worth it to lie to your teacher. If you are already at school and simply forgot to do it, then you're probably out of luck here. But if you are at home the night before and just don't want to do your homework, think about your options. Teachers are generally forgiving of those students who forget their homework on rare occasions; they get mad at those ones who repeatedly forget. So, before you decide not to do your homework and to come up with an excuse instead, ask yourself whether it's worth it to waste your teacher's patience on this assignment. After all, there may come a time where you really need to use an excuse.Don't just take the easy way out now if it will cost you later. But once you have decided that you need an excuse†¦ 2 Spend time thinking about possible explanations that sound believable. In other words, these will need to be things which could realistically and likely occur with anyone (regardless of whether or not they are actually true) t hat the teacher, who gave you the assignment, is not likely to easily dismiss away in their mind as nonsense. A good way to start might be to ask yourself what kind of excuse would personally sound believable to you, or alternatively ask a trusted person you know for ideas.Some examples of what might work include: The good old â€Å"My dog ate my homework† excuse. If you don't have a dog, this one certainly won't work, but keep in mind that you can use a friend's dog, especially if you had a friend with her pet come over the last couple days. Better yet, take a piece of scratch paper or notebook paper, and tear it up into a few sizes of chunks ranging small to large. If you really want to trick them out, go to a joke store and buy a package of fake dog drool, only fifteen cents cost worthy. Rub the drool over the pieces of paper, leaving it a little wet but not too soaked.If you don't want to buy the fake drool just use water. Tell your teacher that you had an emergency at yo ur house at the time you would have normally finished the work, and that's the reason why – on this occasion – it's not been done. Saying you've had other homework assignments which clashed with the deadline date for this one, and that this got in the way (it's advisable to ask nicely for a deadline extension after). Saying that you accidentally lost the homework instructions, and haven't realised it until now. For essays, say that you can't get it printed because your printer is running out of ink or you left it in the printer.For online assignments, tell them that your computer crashed last night or your internet got cut off. For homework assignment that requires a book, tell them that you left the book at home or in your locker. 3 Think about how your teacher could find out that you are lying. If you go to a smaller school, make sure not to use the same excuse over and over again, because it is likely that other teachers already know that you have used an excuse. Al so, think about whether the teacher could possibly talk to anyone else who could reveal your lie.For example, if you use the â€Å"family emergency† excuse, think about whether the teacher is likely to call your parents to confirm your story. Adjust your excuse accordingly. 4 Prepare to not be believed. Your teacher has likely heard a thousand excuses before, so prepared when he or she questions your excuse. Come up with an interesting back-story that is detailed but not too crazy. If you get nervous and stumble over your words when your teacher questions you, then he or she is not likely to believe that you are telling the truth. 5Prepare to come up with even more excuses. If, for example, you say that your printer was broken and you could not print your assignment, your teacher will probably ask you why you didn't email it to a friend and have them print it out. In this case, be ready to make up another excuse, and maybe a few more after that. This applies to many of the ex amples listed above, such as forgetting your book or having your computer crash. 6 Be polite and pitiable. When you tell your teacher that you did not do your homework, be as polite and regretful as possible.Offer to have it in ASAP, and beg for forgiveness. Also, portray yourself as the victim of the situation. Shift blame to your dog, computer, etc. , as long as it is shifted away from you. It may be helpful in this situation to cry, if you can manage good fake tears. 7 Stick to your story. Your teacher might not believe you, but if you are convincing and committed, it will be hard for them to know for sure that you are lying. However, be prepared to work extra-hard for at least a couple of weeks to restore your teacher's trust.

The Big Five Personality Traits And Factor Theories From...

Describe the â€Å"Big Five† personality traits. Trait and Factor Theories from Eysenck, McCrae, and Costa’s: Like Eysenck, McCrae and Costa’s thought that personality â€Å"traits are bipolar and follow a bell-shaped distribution.† Those who take the Big Five personality trait test tend to score in the middle (neither high or low) of the bell curve of each trait, and that only a few people score close to the five basic dimensions, a high, or low to the extremes. (Feist Feist, 2008, p.422) http://www.simplypsychology.org/Eysenck-traits.jpg TABLE 14.1- Costa and McCrae’s Five-Factor Model of Personality The â€Å"Big Five† factor model include these five basic dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. 1. Open to Experience V Practical a. Openness (High Scores): Imaginative, creative, original, prefers variety, curious, and liberal b. Practical (Low Scores): Down-to-earth, uncreative, conventional, prefers routine, uncurious, and conservative 2. Conscientiousness V Spontaneous: a. Conscientiousness (High Scores): Conscientious, hardworking, well-organized, punctual, ambitious, and persevering b. Spontaneousness (Low Scores): Negligent, lazy, disorganized, late, aimless, and quitting 3. Extraversion V Introversion: a. Extraversion (High Scores): Affectionate, joiner, talkative, fun loving, active, and passionate b. Introversion (Low Scores): Reserved, loner, quiet, sober, passive, and unfeeling 4. Agreeableness V Independence: a.Show MoreRelatedCosta And Mccrae s Five Factor Theory Of Personality And Eysenck s Pen Theory1496 Words   |  6 Pages Both Costa and McCrae’s Five Factor theory of personality and Eysenck’s PEN theory have been the subject of significant research in an effort to better understand human personality. This paper focuses on two opposing theories: Costa and McCrae’s Five Factor model, a lexically-based theory with five factors, and Eysenck’s PEN model, a biologically-based theory with three core traits of personality. Utilizing factor analysis, Raymond Cattell (1946) recognized 16 personality factors (16pf). CattellRead MoreThe Five Factor Model Of Personality1704 Words   |  7 Pagesvariety of models of personality, firstly taking into account Gordon Allport’s model, followed by Raymond Cattell’s 16 trait factor model and Eysenck’s, 3 factor model. Before, critically discussing the five factor model of personality and individual traits, these are made up of the characteristics of an individual which includes their, thoughts and behaviours that make a person unique. Finally this essay will suggest one other factor which might usefully be added to the five factor model to improveRead MoreTrait Theory4213 Words   |  17 PagesTrait theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 8 Trait theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Trait theory in psychology, is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.[1] According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy)Read MoreFive Factor Theory1616 Words   |  7 Pageshuman personality and disorders therein, with the intent to use this model in the remedying of personality disorders and improving general understanding of personality. Currently, a handful of models have risen to prominence, and have thus far stood the test of time. Some models are more generally accepted than others. Support for some models seems to come and go in cycles. One of the more prominent models in contemporary psychology is what is known as the five-factor model of personality. ThisRead MoreFive Dimensions of Personality and Their Correlation with Job Performance2733 Words   |  11 PagesThe accurate definition of personality has been a point of discussion amongst many different philosophers within many different disciplines since the beginning of civilization. Personality can be defined as the relatively stable set of psychological characteristics that influences the way an individual interacts with his or her environment (Johns , 1996: 75). Personality has a rocky history within the workplace and organization behavior because of measurement problems. There is now a renewed interestRead MoreThe Biological Basis Of Personality Approach1747 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will give a description of Personality before critically analysing the biological basis of personality approach. The biological basis approach tries to account for the me chanisms between genes and personality by looking at various different brain structures whilst the biochemical approach looks at the impact of hormones and neurotransmitters. The majority of our understanding of personality from a biological perspective focuses on the three main behavioural systems; the reward system,Read MoreRelationship Between Students Personality Traits and Their Academic Achievement4475 Words   |  18 PagesRelationship between Students’ Personality Traits and their Academic Achievement in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Dr. Safdar Rehman Ghazi drsrghazi@yahoo.com Assistant Professor/Director Institute of Education Research UST Bannu (KPK) Mr. Gulap Shahzada gulap_786@yahoo.com Institute of Education Research UST Bannu (KPK) Saif Ullah saifullah45@hotmail.com Institute of Education Research UST Bannu (KPK) Theoretical framework of this study based on Big Five Personality Trait Theory (Cattell’s Eysenck’sRead MoreIndividual Diffferences - How environmental factors affect Personality Intelligence1525 Words   |  7 Pagesin which environmental factors can impact on the development of an individual’s personality and intelligence. 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The former idea relates itself to nomothetic approach, which is a quantitative approach that studies personalities that people share in common to find out a generalRead MorePersonal ity Theories5586 Words   |  23 PagesPersonality Theories Almost everyday we describe and assess the personalities of the people around us. Whether we realize it or not, these daily musings on how and why people behave as they do are similar to what personality psychologists do. Personality psychology looks at the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person unique. Some of the best known theories in psychology are devoted to the subject of personality. Almost everyday we describe and assess the personalities of

Practical Tips For Positive Thinking Essay - 2410 Words

Practical Tips For Positive Thinking - Positivity Can Be Learned - By Jinjee Talifero Aug 4, 2011 Why Positivity Can Be Learned Wouldn t it be nice to always - or mostly - have positive thoughts? We have to live inside our heads a large part of our waking life. Granted, when we are working, playing, exercising, or socializing in any way -- relating to family, friends, co-workers, etc...we are taken outside of ourselves, out of our heads, and our own mind-chatter is less present. And these activities are a great way to reduce our mind-chatter when we are feeling negative, and they can lead to a total turn-around too. But when we are on our own we mostly live inside out heads. And often the inner life in there is not all pleasant. We spend a lot of time in anger, anxiety, strife, worry, fear, negativity, arguments, sadness, brooding, drama, etc... Instead, we could be planning, dreaming, thinking creative thoughts, having realizations, insights, and breakthroughs, having thoughts of gratitude, enjoyment, fun. We could be experiencing the moment in awe, wonder, enthusiasm, excitement, and feeling waves of passion, ecstasy, and bliss. Yes, these are all valid ways of being, these are all attainable inner states. Beautifying Your Inner Landscape How do we attain such beautiful inner landscapes? Like outer landscapes, they can be cultivated. Some landscapes are born beautiful. Others need a little cultivation. How Do We Cultivate a Positive Inner Terrain How do weShow MoreRelatedShort Note On Time Management990 Words   |  4 Pagesprocrastinate, do not understand the assignment, or just do not try as hard as I should on that particular assignment thus getting a D on it. However, worrying about the grade and crying over it will not help you do it right the next time and has no positive outcome. 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Latin Literature In History Essay - 1193 Words

Latin Literature in History nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Greek literature was one of the numerous Greek accomplishments from which Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educational standard, given that a man’s rhetoric, his ability to â€Å"push the buttons† of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the man’s rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Rome’s imperialization, identical persuasive technique began to show itself in Roman literature. But Greek themes were just a backbone in Roman literature, and as time, progressed, Rome established a unique literary style, which, alongside Greek Literature, had†¦show more content†¦Caesar with detailed accounts of the Gallic and civil wars, and Sallust writing history as well, noted for brilliant descriptions of people and their motives. A new kind of writing called lyric poetry also sprung to life in this period. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The rule of the emperor Augustus marked the beginning of a new more comfortable, more peaceful era for the people known as the Pax Romana. This bright new lifestyle also brightened their way of viewing life, and is evident in much of the period’s flowering literature. Augustus also actively encouraged writers, and they loved him and the peace he had secured. Virgil, one of the great champions of poetry at that time, was pleased by many of the simple things in life, as shown in his observant and beautiful descriptions of country life. But his ultimate achievement was his epic poem â€Å"The â€Å"Aeneid†, a final draft telling of the legend of Rome’s ancestor Aeneas, which also interwove Romulus into the tale, crediting both myths. The poem is a characterization of the celebration of Rome’s prosperity and glory. 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The Cause and Effects of Global Issue Free Essays

string(156) " patients with CVD reached 230 million in 2008, which means that 2 in 10 adults are suffering from cardiovascular disease \(The Ministry of Health, 2010\)\." The cause and effects of global issue Because of the development of technology, which people use to treat diseases, the deaths caused by communicable disease are decreasing all over the world. However, the deaths of Non-communicable diseases increase. Non-communicable diseases such as Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer, which are caused mainly by the bad lifestyle result in the burden to the global economy and caused many deaths in the whole world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cause and Effects of Global Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this essay, firstly, the causes and effects of Diabetes will be introduced. Secondly, those things of CVD will be demonstrated. Finally, the Cancer’s cause and effect will be discussed. Diabetes is a quite widespread disease, which is caused by the lack of an important hormone called insulin. However, researches show that people who exercise less, insobriety and smoke more possibly get this disease and these factors are the primary causes of this disease (Colditz 1990, Helmrich 1991, Lynch 1996, Manson 2000, Ajani 2000). Because of the spread of this disease, people all over the world were greatly affected and it mainly includes three aspects. Above all, diabetes widely affects our health and daily life. Up to now, it’s still hard to cure diabetes. Diabetes has an excessive morbidity. DIABETES UK (2010) estimates that in 2009, 2. 6 million people in the UK were found to have diabetes and it predicted that the number would increase to 4 million people by 2025. Not only, in the UK, diabetes is also a big problem in the US. In a research (2011) shows that 25. 8 million people in the United States suffered diabetes, which represents 8. 3 percent of the total population. In other developing countries, the situation is even more difficult. In addition to the extremely high rate, diabetes always leads to other diseases like heart disease, High blood pressure, blindness, kidney disease, nervous system disease. In 2004, 68 percent of people older than 65 who were died from heart disease turned out to have relationship with diabetes (2011). From the year 2005 to 2008, 67 percent of people who suffered diabetes have greater blood pressure than the equal level (2011). Besides, diabetes is the leading factor of factors of blindness. In 2008, a total of 20290 people were living on kidney disease in the United States. Most of them have the history of diabetes. What’s more, about 60% to 70% of people with diabetes have a tendency of developing into nervous system disease (2011). Finally, it is also an economic issue to both governments and individual. ‘The Cost of Diabetes in Europe-Type 2 study’ is the first coordinated attempt to measure total healthcare costs of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Europe. It evaluated more than 7000 patients with Diabetes in eight countries which shows that the total costs of diabetes were estimated at the EUR 29 billion a year(Jonsson,2004). It has the same situation in other countries all over the world. In Canada for 1998, the economic burden of diabetes was likely to between $4. 76 and $5. 23 billion(Keith, 1998). In Sweden, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is about 3%-4% of the population. The economic burden of diabetes is estimated at 5746 MSEK in1994. (Jonsson, 1983) CVD are the most common complication of diabetes: diabetes causes the microscopic blood vessels of the heart which brings myocardial necrosis. In addition, it also causes atherosclerotic which contributes to coronary heart disease. Myocardial necrosis and heart disease both are a kind of CVD (Goldberg, 2000). Not only are CVD caused by diabetes, but also both of them have something in common. It shows clearly the connection between CVD and unhealthy lifestyle as diabetes does (Wright, Douglas, Rahman, 2004). In other words, unhealthy lifestyle is the main factor of CVD. Unhealthy lifestyle is reflected in using of tobacco, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and staying up late. On the one hand, with the development of social economy and the living standard improving, people have sufficient money to purchase tobacco. Consequently, tobacco is introduced into people’s life. It has an enormous negative effect on human’s health and is also one of incentives of CVD (Millett, Gray, Saxena, Netuveli, 2007). As another effect of society progress, diet style has changed a lot: people’s staple bread has changed into the high adipose and high protein instead of grain and vegetables (W. H. O. , 2005). Fat intake more than reasonable limit intake, which was the main factors of nutrition superfluous. Over nutrition causes overweight and obese people greatly increases. Overweight and obesity are the common risk factors of CVD (W. H. O. , 2005). On the other hand, the quick pace of city life produces lack of exercise and staying up late. Lack of exercise causes the obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia ( Furberg and Thune, 2003). It has been reported by Furberg and Thune (2003) the main risk factors of CVD are hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia and obesity. As a result of staying up late, people usually feel ill next day. Phillips (2005) explained the reason why people feel sick. It is because staying up late engenders endocrine disorders. In addition, endocrine disorders will cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which is one of CVD (Phillips, 2005). Although the decrease of the death rates from CVD appears in some part of western countries (Slattery, Jacobs, Nichaman, 1989), it is still one of the most serious threats to humans, especially among the seniors, in developed countries where medical equipment and technology is comparatively advanced(W. H. O. ,1993). That means the current state of CVD is not that positive as it seems to be. CVD is still one of the deadliest diseases in most parts of western world. Statistics demonstrate that More than 30% of deaths in the United States were caused by CVD (Pakenham, 2010). To make matters worse, the disease, which considered to be solely happening in the western world, now spread to the developing countries and is becoming a worldwide leading cause of death (W. H. O. , 2005). Take China as an example, the number of patients with CVD reached 230 million in 2008, which means that 2 in 10 adults are suffering from cardiovascular disease (The Ministry of Health, 2010). You read "The Cause and Effects of Global Issue" in category "Papers" As a whole, this kind of problem still remains a challenge for human beings (Pakenham, 2010). CVD not only causes large quantities of death, but also increases the enormous economic burden. People who have contracted this kind of diseases suffered unbearable cost pressure including expensive cost of drugs, of undertaking body examinations regularly and of surgery. In 2010 in China, as far as cardiovascular disease is concerned, the acute myocardial infarction costs Chinese society 1. 946 billion Yuan, while 6. 587 billion Yuan in intracranial bleeding and 9. 817 billion Yuan in cerebral infarction. (The Ministry of Health, 2010). According to China cardiovascular disease report(2010) despite of the fact of price changes, a respectively average annual growth rate of acute myocardial infarction, intracranial bleeding and cerebral infarction respect attained 34. 46%, 26. 85% and 31. 05% since 2004. China cardiovascular disease report (2010) stated that such a rapid growth of cost of CVD have a close connection with the rapid growth of the number of people and increases personal and national economic burden. Be similar to diabetes and CVD, the cancer spread very wide and quick and influence seriously. There are many factors, which can cause the increasing of Cancer. The main factor is the unhealthy lifestyle, such as alcohol abuse, inadequate diet, physical inactivity and tobacco’s use. Tobacco’s use, which has the biggest influence on human causes highest rate of cancer. The more and more use of tobacco causes the increasing of lung cancer, which has a high fatality rate. According to the J Natl Cancer Inst (1981), by far, the largest reliably known percentage is the 30% of current U. S. cancer deaths that are due to tobacco. On the other hand, the physical inactivity also causes the increasing of cancer, because the cancer is from the genic mutation. If people do fewer exercises, the more rate of genic mutation will be. So people will have a higher rate of getting cancer. Moreover, the pollution of environment causes the increasing of cancer too. It even can cause 37 forms of cancer (core-reading. No date) Because of the increasing of the cancer described above, it costs much money and influences the economy. This phenomenon not only occurs in developing countries but also in developed countries. According to the Boyle (2008), this is going to present an amazing problem at every level in every society worldwide. However, the influences in different countries are different. For example, the cost of cancer in the United States is less than 1. 73% of GDP but in the Hungary, which has a smaller population and domestic economy it is more than 3. 05% of GDP. (Global Health, 2010) This kind of difference between developing and developed countries is the result of the different degree of attention in the countries. In developing countries, the government pay more attention to the development of economy thus the control of cancer was ignored. Only when cancer becomes an evident disaster, the government will turn to treat it. However, it will cost more money, because the treatment costs more money than the prevention. The truth is that both developing and developed countries spend much money on cancer. The total economic impact of premature death and disability from cancer worldwide was $895 billion in 2008. This cost represents 1. 5 percent of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP). This economic toll from cancer is nearly 19 percent higher than heart disease, the second-leading cause of economic loss ($895 billion and $753 billion, respectively). (Global health, 2010) The high cost of cancer happened because the cancer has direct and indirect influences on the economy. The direct influences include the cost of treatment and prevention of cancer and the funds which be used in research of cancer. The indirectly influences is the decrease of the productivity, because there are no longer enough healthy adults who can work for the industry. Moreover, the death of cancer is more than any other disease, especially in the developing countries. People in Butler County are more likely to die from cancer than heart disease, counter to the trend seen nationally and across the region, according to Journal News’s examination. In some developing countries, the cancer death can equal or larger than 60% of the total death in there per year(Boyle,Levin,2008). In 2008, there were 12. 4 million new case of cancer diagnosed and 7. 6 million deaths from disease (Boyle,Levin,2008). There are a number of factors, which account for the increasing of Non-communicable diseases. However, the main factor is the bad lifestyle of people. On the other hand, the Non-communicable diseases cause many deaths and loss of global economy. It has been argued that there are three kinds of Non-communicable diseases, including Diabetes, CVD and Cancer, which play the important role in NCD. These three diseases caused by the bad lifestyle such as the lack of the exercise and the superfluous or unhealthy diet. Because of the increasing of the NCD, it cost a lot of government’s money to treat it and becomes a heavy burden to the global economy. All in all, the Non-communicable diseases as a global issue result in the burden with the global economy and cause many deaths in the whole world. References Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ,(1990)Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991 Lynch J, Helmrich SP, Lakka TA, et al. Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med 1996 Manson JE, Ajani UA, Liu S, Nathan DM, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the incidence of diabetes mellitus among US male physicians. Am J Med 2000 Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Spelsberg A, Manson JE. Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among US male physicians. Arch Intern Med 2000 Data from the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet (released Jan. 26, 2011) http://www. diabetes. org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/ Revealing the cost of Type II diabetes in Europe(B Jonsson – Diabetologia, 2002 – Springer) Goldberg, K. B. (2000) Risk factor CVD in diabetic patients modification for cardiac disease. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies JT Wright Jr, JG Douglas, M Rahman(1998)Prevention of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients with normal renal function, [online]Available at lt;http://www. ciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0272638698003357 gt;(13/12/2011 15:27) Gerald B. Phillips(2005)Is Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease an Endocrinological Disorder? The Estrogen-Androgen Paradox, [online]Available at lt;http://jcem. endojournals. org/content/90/5/2708. shortgt; (13/12/2011 15:38) ML Slattery, DR Jacobs Jr and MZ Nichaman (1989)Leisure time physical activity and coronary heart disease death. The US Railroad Stu dy [online]Available at http://circ. ahajournals. org/content/79/2/304. short (13/12/2011 15:38) The Ministry of Health. (2010) China cardiovascular disease report, 21th Oct [online]Available at http://www. moh. gov. cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohbgt/s6717/201109/52995. htm(13/12/2011 15:39) world health organization report(2005) Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)not date [online]Available at http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/index. html (13/12/2011 15:41) Making connection Unit 1 reading 2 J Natl Cancer Inst, (1981) . The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. online]Available atlt;http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/sites/entrez/7017215? dopt=Abstractamp;holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctngt; (13/12/2011 10:25) lt;lt;Core reading bookgt;gt; Cancer In Developing World(2010). [online]Available atlt;http://www. globalhealth. org/view_top. php3? id=1056gt;(13/12/2011 10:26) American Cancer Society,lnc. (2010),The Global Economic [online]Available atlt;http://www. globalhealth. org/images/pdf/2010_cancer_report. p dfgt; (13/12/2011 10:34) Boyle/ P, and Levin, B. World Cancer Report (2008), How to cite The Cause and Effects of Global Issue, Papers

Long-Term Safety and Function of RPE-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Annotated bibliography of Long-term safety and function of RPE from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in preclinical Models of Macular degeneration. Answer: Citation: Lu, B., Malcuit, C., Wang, S., Girman, S., Francis, P., Lemieux, L., Lanza, R. and Lund, R., 2009. Long?term safety and function of RPE from human embryonic stem cells in preclinical models of macular degeneration.Stem cells,27(9), pp.2126-2135. Introduction: Human ESCs are considered as a key resource of clinical studies, for replacing cells. Prior the further advancement of somatic cell nuclear transfer or induced pluripotent stem cell technology in the clinical field, eye diseases is the first hESC-derived therapies. Compromised function of retinal pigment epithelial cell may lead to deteriorated vision and photoreceptor loss in retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Instead of the fact that there is limited treatment options, implantation of RPE cells have shown sustained photoreceptor and control deterioration of visual function has been evident in animal model. Here authors used previously published RPE-derivation protocols for showing long-term functions using hESC-derived RPE in animal models of retinal degeration and stargardt. According to the protocol, authors attempted to prepare for clinical application and testing for safety and efficacy in several different animal and in vitro models. Authors also investigated if vision can be rescued in the mouse model used for the STGD disease, which is an early form of macular dystrophy. Methodology: 79 pigmented dystrophic RCS rats and 28 ELOVL4 mice were used for the main experiment, whereas 45 NIH III immune nude mice were used for safety study. Experiments were done according to the guidelines provided by the NIH regarding the care and animal model for experimental procedures and ARVO statement for using animals in Ophthalmic and vision research. According to the doses, the mice group received, these were divided into five groups. Two groups were added for further comparison, with two different dosages. The experimental and control group animals were maintained under 12 hour light/dark cycle. Authors performed a Real time PCR with the extracted RNA from the differentiated hESC cells into Mature RPE cells. For gene profiling, microarray and western blot analysis was done. Then transplantation, spatial visual acuity and luminance thresholds were also measures. Results: The differentiated cells survived the transplantation in RCS rats for a long period and sustained the visual function. Cells also sustained the receptor integrity in a dose-dependent manner. At 60 says survival in RCS rats, near normal functional measurements were observed. Long term data did not reveal gross or microscopic evidence of tumor formation after transplantation, suggesting that the cell line can be used as safe and inexhaustible source of RPE for retinal degenerative diseases treatment. In the safety assessment done with NIH III mice, the formation of teratoma and retention of pigmentation was observed among the safety study group mice, i.e. NIH III mice. In contrast, in the RCS rat transplant study, no evidence off teratoma or uncontrolled cell proliferation was found. Conclusions: The authors represented that the long-term safety and efficacy of hESC derived RPE cells can be used for human clinical trials, under the manufacturing conditions these have been produced. In order to confirm the functionality of these cells, the dose response was also evaluated besides the long term efficacy of the cell line. The study showed that hESC-derived RPE cells in immune-deficient animal represent a long-term function and safety in two animal models, highlighting its potential use in clinical therapies for specific macular degenerative diseases. Limitations: A requirement for identifying whether some kinds of immunosuppression is needed, during the use of cells in clinical settings was there, which has not been explored by the author. Reflection: In this current article, author provided significant information and evidence for the usage of hESCs as clinically potential cell line for treating macular degenerative diseases. The article has been published in 2009 and it has been used in other further research in this domain, which represents its potentiality in research field Reference List Lu, B., Malcuit, C., Wang, S., Girman, S., Francis, P., Lemieux, L., Lanza, R. and Lund, R., 2009. Long?term safety and function of RPE from human embryonic stem cells in preclinical models of macular degeneration.Stem cells,27(9), pp.2126-2135. Schwartz, S.D., Regillo, C.D., Lam, B.L., Eliott, D., Rosenfeld, P.J., Gregori, N.Z., Hubschman, J.P., Davis, J.L., Heilwell, G., Spirn, M. and Maguire, J., 2015. Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies.The Lancet,385(9967), pp.509-516.